Higher Beverages Consumption Predicts Moderately Lower Body Weight for Population

Higher Beverages Consumption Predicts Moderately Lower Body Weight for Population

Contents

Variables

A
Beverages 9
A
Body Weight 1140

Categories

A
Foods 13415
A
Physique 41

Tags

High Confidence
Moderate Effect Size
Negative Relationship
Population Study
cause image gauge image effect image
Participants reported a 7.4% average decrease in Body Weight following above average Beverages Consumption.

Abstract

Body Weight was generally 1% higher than average after a total of 0 serving of Beverages over the previous 14 days.

Aggregated data from 1 study participants suggests with a HIGH degree of confidence (p=0.001, 95% CI -2.01 to 1.066) that Beverages has a moderately negative predictive relationship (R=-0.472) with Body Weight.

The highest quartile of Body Weight measurements were observed following an average 0.0213 serving Beverages per day.

The lowest quartile of Body Weight measurements were observed following an average 0.163 serving of Beverages per day.

After an onset delay of 30 minutes, Body Weight is typically 5% lower than average over the 14 days following around 0.163 serving of Beverages Beverages.

Keywords: Beverages, Body Weight, N-of-1 trials, real-world evidence, causal inference, observational study

Preliminary: Based on 1 participants. Results may change as more data is collected.

Results

Primary Findings

Analysis of 315 paired observations from 1 participants revealed a modest reduction in Body Weight following above-average Beverages exposure.

-5.4%
Change from Baseline
Modest effect on Body Weight
0.02
Predictor Impact Score
Insufficient evidence for causal relationship

Supporting Statistics

Medium
Confidence
-0.472
Correlation (r)
p = 0.556
Significance
z = 1.42
Effect Magnitude
φ = 1.00
Temporality

What This Means

When participants had above-average Beverages:

  • Body Weight decreased by 5.4% on average
  • Temporal analysis supports Beverages as the predictor (not the outcome)

Interpreting the Predictor Impact Score

The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) integrates multiple Bradford Hill causal criteria into a single metric. Use this guide to interpret the score:

PIS Range Interpretation Recommended Action
≥ 0.5 Strong evidence High priority for RCT validation
0.3 - 0.5 Moderate evidence Consider for experimental investigation
0.1 - 0.3 Weak evidence Monitor for additional data
< 0.1 Insufficient evidence Low priority; may be noise

Note: PIS is a prioritization heuristic, not proof of causation. High scores indicate relationships worth investigating, not confirmed causal effects. With only 1 participants, these scores are preliminary and will become more reliable as additional data is collected.

Optimal Daily Values (Precision Dosing)

Based on the observed relationship, we can estimate the predictor values associated with the best and worst outcomes. These values enable personalized dosing recommendations.

⚠️ Preliminary Data: With 1 participants and 315 observations, these optimal values are preliminary estimates. As more data is collected, precision will improve significantly.

0.0 serving
Value Predicting Higher Body Weight
Average Beverages when Body Weight exceeded its mean
1.0 serving
Value Predicting Lower Body Weight
Average Beverages when Body Weight was below its mean

What This Suggests

Body Weight tended to be lowest (best) when Beverages was around 1.0 serving.

Important: These values reflect correlations, not guaranteed causal effects. Individual responses may vary. Use as a starting point for personal experimentation, not as a definitive prescription. Consult healthcare providers before making treatment decisions.

Population Correlation

Beverages Distribution

Body Weight Distribution

Relationship Analysis

Statistical Summary

Relationship Statistics

Property Value
Cause Variable Name Beverages Consumption
Effect Variable Name Body Weight
Sinn Predictive Coefficient 0.02246788589893
Confidence Level HIGH
Confidence Interval 1.5381908848793
Forward Pearson Predictive Coefficient -0.4722
Critical T Value 1.646
Total Beverages Consumption Over Previous 14 days Before ABOVE Average Body Weight 0.0213 serving
Total Beverages Consumption Over Previous 14 days Before BELOW Average Body Weight 0.163 serving
Duration of Action 14 days
Effect Size moderately negative
Number of Paired Measurements 315
Optimal Pearson Product 0.016322690879047
P Value 0.001
Statistical Significance 0.5557
Strength of Relationship 1.5381908848793
Study Type population
Analysis Performed At 2026-01-04
Number of Participants 1

Beverages Info

Property Value
Variable Name Beverages
Aggregation Method SUM
Analysis Performed At 2020-09-15
Duration of Action 14 days
Filling Value 0
Kurtosis 62.540375534955
Maximum Allowed Value 20 serving
Mean 0.019254666666667 serving
Median 0 serving
Minimum Allowed Value 0 serving
Number of Aggregate Predictors 0
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 9
Number of Measurements 0
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 50
Public true
Onset Delay 30 minutes
Standard Deviation 0.12435045856027
Unit Serving
User Variables 7
Variable Category Foods
Variable ID 6034747
Variance 0.023275057132633

Body Weight Info

Property Value
Variable Name Body Weight
Aggregation Method MEAN
Analysis Performed At 2020-09-23
Duration of Action 7 days
Kurtosis 29.271534088526
Maximum Allowed Value 1000 pounds
Mean 168.9619340574 pounds
Median 168.27481272906 pounds
Minimum Allowed Value 0 pounds
Number of Aggregate Predictors 883
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 257
Number of Measurements 108822
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 21092
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 8.7190661755282
Unit Pounds
User Variables 417
UPC 875011003902
Variable Category Physique
Variable ID 1486
Variance 594.35417755402

Introduction

Background

Beverages (Foods) and Body Weight (Physique) are both important factors in understanding human health and well-being. This study investigates the relationship between these two variables using real-world observational data.

Traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while the gold standard for causal inference, are often impractical, expensive, or unethical for studying many health relationships. Aggregated N-of-1 observational studies offer a complementary approach that leverages within-subject comparisons across large populations to identify meaningful patterns.

Research Question

Do Beverages affect Body Weight?

Additionally, we seek to determine:

  1. What is the direction and magnitude of any effect?
  2. How confident can we be in this relationship based on the available data?
  3. What are the optimal levels of Beverages for maximizing Body Weight?

Study Objective

The objective of this study is to determine the nature of the relationship (if any) between Beverages and Body Weight. Additionally, we attempt to determine the Beverages values most likely to produce optimal Body Weight values.

Study Overview

This is a population-level observational study using aggregated N-of-1 methodology. By aggregating individual N-of-1 experiments, we can identify population-level patterns while accounting for the substantial individual variation that exists in most health relationships. Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline, enabling intuitive interpretation and comparison across different measures.

Full Methodology: Framework for Real-World Evidence-Based Pharmacovigilance: Aggregated N-of-1 Trials for Quantifying Treatment Effects

Discussion

Interpretation of Findings

Participants experienced a 5.4% reduction in Body Weight following above-average Beverages exposure. The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) of 0.02 indicates insufficient evidence for a causal relationship.

Statistical Significance

Using a two-tailed t-test with alpha = 0.05, it was determined that the change in Body Weight is statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. The p-value of 0.5557 indicates there is less than a 55.57% probability that this result occurred by chance.

After treatment, a 7.4% decrease (-8.76 pounds) from the mean baseline 163 pounds was observed. The relative standard deviation at baseline was 3.8%. The observed change was 1.42 times the standard deviation.

A common rule of thumb considers a change greater than twice the baseline standard deviation on two separate pre-post experiments may be considered significant. This occurrence would have only a 5% likelihood of resulting from random fluctuation (a p-value < 0.05).

T-Test Details
Observed t-value: 8.433
Critical t-value: 1.646

Since t = 8.43 > 1.65, we reject the null hypothesis.

Biological Plausibility

A plausible bio-chemical mechanism between predictor and outcome is critical for interpreting observational findings. This is where human judgment excels beyond statistical analysis.

Community feedback on the biological plausibility of this relationship is still being collected. Consider the known mechanisms by which Beverages might influence Body Weight.

Bradford Hill Criteria Assessment

The Bradford Hill criteria provide a framework for assessing causality in observational studies. Our methodology operationalizes six of the nine criteria through the Predictor Impact Score (PIS):

Criterion How Addressed Metric
Strength Effect size magnitude Percent change from baseline (Δ%), z-score
Consistency Cross-participant replication Number of users (N), number of pairs (n)
Temporality Predictor precedes outcome Temporality factor (φ), onset delay (δ > 0)
Biological Gradient Dose-response relationship Gradient coefficient (φgradient)
Plausibility Biological mechanism assessment Community votes on mechanism plausibility
Specificity Category appropriateness Interest factor (finterest)

Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

The PIS integrates multiple Bradford Hill criteria into a composite metric quantifying how reliably a predictor affects an outcome. Higher scores indicate stronger evidence:

Population-Level PIS:

$$\text{PIS}_{\text{agg}} = |r_{\text{forward}}| \cdot w \cdot \phi_{\text{users}} \cdot \phi_{\text{pairs}} \cdot \phi_{\text{change}} \cdot \phi_{\text{gradient}}$$

Where φ-factors are saturation functions approaching 1 as evidence accumulates:

  • φusers = 1 - e-N/10 (user saturation)
  • φpairs = 1 - e-n/nsig (pair saturation)
  • φchange = 1 - e-Δspread/Δsig (effect spread saturation)
  • w = weighted average of plausibility votes

Temporality Assessment

We assess evidence for correct causal direction using the temporality factor:

$$\phi_{\text{temporal}} = \frac{|r_{\text{forward}}|}{|r_{\text{forward}}| + |r_{\text{reverse}}|}$$

Values approaching 1 indicate the predictor precedes the outcome (supporting causation); values near 0.5 suggest ambiguous directionality; values near 0 suggest reverse causation or confounding by indication.

Limitations

As with any observational study, correlation does not prove causation. Key limitations include:

  • Unmeasured confounders: Variables not tracked may influence results
  • Self-selection bias: Health trackers may differ from the general population
  • Measurement error: Self-reported data may contain recall bias
  • Confounding by indication: Sicker individuals may use more treatments

However, within-subject comparison and temporal precedence analysis partially mitigate these limitations. If the relationship is merely coincidental, as participants independently modify their Beverages values, the observed strength will decline over time. Spurious correlations naturally dissipate as more data is collected.

Future Directions

Future research should examine:

  • Subgroup analyses to identify individual differences in response
  • Potential confounders and mediators of the observed relationship
  • Optimal dosing and timing for Beverages
  • Confirmation through prospective or randomized designs
  • Biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects

Conclusion

📊 Preliminary Findings: With 1 participants, these results are based on limited data. Effect sizes and confidence will improve as more participants contribute data. Consider these findings directional rather than definitive.

Above-average Beverages was associated with a 5.4% reduction in Body Weight—a modest effect. The Predictor Impact Score of 0.02 indicates this relationship is requiring additional data before conclusions.

Bottom Line: Based on a PIS of 0.02 and a 5.4% effect size, this relationship currently lacks sufficient evidence. Continue monitoring as more data becomes available. Note: These conclusions may strengthen or change direction as more data is collected.

These findings contribute to our understanding of how Beverages may influence Body Weight in real-world conditions. While preliminary, these results may inform future research directions. As more participants contribute data, the reliability and precision of these findings will improve substantially.

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Methods

Study Design

This study is based on data donated by 1 participants. Thus, the study design is equivalent to the aggregation of 1 separate n=1 observational natural experiments.

This within-subject design is powerful because it controls for all stable individual characteristics (genetics, baseline health status, socioeconomic factors) that might otherwise confound the relationship between variables.

Data Analysis

Temporal Assumptions

The analysis incorporates temporal assumptions about the relationship between variables:

  • Onset Delay: It was assumed that 30 minutes would pass before a change in Beverages would produce an observable change in Body Weight.
  • Duration of Action: It was assumed that Beverages could produce an observable change in Body Weight for as much as 14 days after the stimulus event.

Statistical Methods

For each participant, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between Beverages values and subsequent Body Weight values. Individual correlations were then aggregated using Fisher's z-transformation to produce a population-level estimate:

Individual Correlation:

$$r_i = \frac{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)}{\sqrt{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)^2 \sum(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)^2}}$$

Fisher's Z-Transformation:

$$z_i = \frac{1}{2} \ln\left(\frac{1 + r_i}{1 - r_i}\right)$$

Aggregated Correlation:

$$\bar{r} = \tanh(\bar{z}) \quad \text{where} \quad \bar{z} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} z_i$$

Effect Size Calculation

Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline. For each participant, we compare the outcome following above-average predictor values to the overall baseline outcome:

$$\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}} = \frac{\bar{O}_{\text{follow-up}} - \bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}}{\bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}} \times 100$$

Effect Magnitude (Z-Score)

To assess effect magnitude relative to natural variability, we calculate the z-score:

$$z = \frac{|\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}}|}{\text{RSD}_{\text{baseline}}}$$

where RSDbaseline is the relative standard deviation of outcome during baseline period

A z-score > 2 indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05), meaning the observed change exceeds typical baseline fluctuation and is unlikely due to random variation.

Statistical Significance

Correlation significance is assessed using a two-tailed t-test:

$$t = \frac{r\sqrt{n-2}}{\sqrt{1-r^2}}$$

We reject the null hypothesis (ρ = 0) at α = 0.05 when |t| exceeds the critical value, providing statistical evidence that the observed relationship is not due to chance.

Data Sources

Beverages data was primarily collected using QuantiModo. QuantiModo allows you to easily track mood, symptoms, or any outcome you want to optimize in a fraction of a second. You can also import your data from over 30 other apps and devices. QuantiModo then analyzes your data to identify which hidden factors are most likely to be influencing your mood or symptoms.

Body Weight data was primarily collected using Fitbit. Fitbit makes activity tracking easy and automatic.

Data Quality

Data quality measures were applied to ensure reliable results:

  • Minimum Data Requirement: Only participants with sufficient paired observations were included in the analysis.
  • Outlier Handling: Extreme values were winsorized to reduce the influence of measurement errors.
  • Missing Data: Days with missing values were handled using appropriate filling strategies based on the variable type.
  • Test User Exclusion: Test accounts and invalid users were excluded from all analyses.

Principal Investigator

Program & Methods

Mike P. Sinn
Sinn, M. P.

Designed and implemented data collection, aggregation, causal inference pipeline, and automated study generation framework. Developed the Predictor Impact Score methodology operationalizing Bradford Hill criteria for ranking causal relationships in observational data. When he tells people this at parties, they usually say they have to go check on their car.

Individual study outputs are automated, reproducible, and open to external audit. (Which I would seriously recommend.)

Contact

Cite This Study

APA Format
Sinn, M. P. (2026). Causal Analysis: Does Beverages Affect Body Weight?. The Journal of Citizen Science. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6034747-effect-1486-population-study
BibTeX 
@misc{sinn_cause_6034747_effect_1486_population_study_2026,
  author = {Sinn, Mike P.},
  title = {Causal Analysis: Does Beverages Affect Body Weight?},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {The Journal of Citizen Science},
  url = {https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6034747-effect-1486-population-study},
  note = {Accessed: January 10, 2026}
}
Chicago/Turabian
Sinn, Mike P. "Causal Analysis: Does Beverages Affect Body Weight?." The Journal of Citizen Science. Accessed January 10, 2026. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6034747-effect-1486-population-study.
Harvard
Sinn, M.P., 2026. Causal Analysis: Does Beverages Affect Body Weight?. [Aggregated N-of-1 Study] The Journal of Citizen Science. Available at: https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6034747-effect-1486-population-study [Accessed January 10, 2026].

Study Type: Aggregated N-of-1 Observational Mega-Study
Evidence Level: Level II (Real-World Evidence)
Methodology: Bradford Hill Criteria with Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

References

This framework was originally developed in 2013 based on the Bradford Hill criteria. Subsequent literature has independently validated similar approaches to causal inference from observational data:

  1. Hill, A.B. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58(5), 295-300. [Bradford Hill criteria]
  2. Lillie, E.O., et al. (2011). The n-of-1 clinical trial: the ultimate strategy for individualizing medicine? Personalized Medicine, 8(2), 161-173. [N-of-1 methodology]
  3. Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference . Cambridge University Press. [Causal inference]
  4. Hernán, M.A., & Robins, J.M. (2020). Causal Inference: What If . Chapman & Hall/CRC. [Free textbook]
  5. FDA (2018). Framework for FDA's Real-World Evidence Program . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Regulatory context]
  6. Duan, N., et al. (2013). Single-patient (n-of-1) trials: a pragmatic clinical decision methodology . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(8), S21-S28.
  7. Platt, R., et al. (2018). The FDA Sentinel Initiative—an evolving national resource . New England Journal of Medicine, 379(22), 2091-2093.

This information is for research and educational purposes only, not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before making health decisions. Terms of Service

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