Higher Spending Time With Animals Predicts Significantly Lower Anxiety for Population

Higher Spending Time With Animals Predicts Significantly Lower Anxiety for Population

Contents

Variables

A
Spending Time With Animals 7
A
Anxiety / Nervousness 1826

Categories

A
Treatments 9356
A
Emotions 2028

Tags

High Confidence
Very Strong Effect Size
Negative Relationship
Population Study
cause image gauge image effect image
Participants reported a 48% average decrease in Anxiety following above average Spending Time With Animals.

Abstract

Anxiety was generally 42.9% lower than average after 1 count of Spending Time With Animals per 21 days.

Aggregated data from 1 study participants suggests with a HIGH degree of confidence (p=0.001, 95% CI -1.248 to -0.416) that Spending Time With Animals has a strongly negative predictive relationship (R=-0.832) with Anxiety.

The highest quartile of Anxiety measurements were observed following an average 0 count Spending Time With Animals per day.

The lowest quartile of Anxiety measurements were observed following an average 0.4 count of Spending Time With Animals per day.

After an onset delay of 30 minutes, Anxiety is typically 36% lower than average over the 21 days following around 0.4 count of Spending Time With Animals Spending Time With Animals.

Keywords: Spending Time With Animals, Anxiety, N-of-1 trials, real-world evidence, causal inference, observational study

Preliminary: Based on 1 participants. Results may change as more data is collected.

Results

Primary Findings

Analysis of 8 paired observations from 1 participants revealed a substantial reduction in Anxiety following above-average Spending Time With Animals exposure.

-42.9%
Change from Baseline
Substantial effect on Anxiety
0.17
Predictor Impact Score
Weak evidence for causal relationship

Supporting Statistics

High
Confidence
-0.832
Correlation (r)
p = 0.001
Significance
z = 2.74
Effect Magnitude
φ = 1.00
Temporality

What This Means

When participants had above-average Spending Time With Animals:

  • Anxiety decreased by 42.9% on average
  • Temporal analysis supports Spending Time With Animals as the predictor (not the outcome)
  • This relationship is statistically significant (p = 0.001)

Interpreting the Predictor Impact Score

The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) integrates multiple Bradford Hill causal criteria into a single metric. Use this guide to interpret the score:

PIS Range Interpretation Recommended Action
≥ 0.5 Strong evidence High priority for RCT validation
0.3 - 0.5 Moderate evidence Consider for experimental investigation
0.1 - 0.3 Weak evidence Monitor for additional data
< 0.1 Insufficient evidence Low priority; may be noise

Note: PIS is a prioritization heuristic, not proof of causation. High scores indicate relationships worth investigating, not confirmed causal effects. With only 1 participants, these scores are preliminary and will become more reliable as additional data is collected.

Optimal Daily Values (Precision Dosing)

Based on the observed relationship, we can estimate the predictor values associated with the best and worst outcomes. These values enable personalized dosing recommendations.

⚠️ Preliminary Data: With 1 participants and 8 observations, these optimal values are preliminary estimates. As more data is collected, precision will improve significantly.

0.0 count
Value Predicting Higher Anxiety
Average Spending Time With Animals when Anxiety exceeded its mean
1.0 count
Value Predicting Lower Anxiety
Average Spending Time With Animals when Anxiety was below its mean

What This Suggests

Anxiety tended to be lowest (best) when Spending Time With Animals was around 1.0 count.

Important: These values reflect correlations, not guaranteed causal effects. Individual responses may vary. Use as a starting point for personal experimentation, not as a definitive prescription. Consult healthcare providers before making treatment decisions.

Population Correlation

Spending Time With Animals Distribution

Anxiety Distribution

Statistical Summary

Relationship Statistics

Property Value
Cause Variable Name Spending Time With Animals
Effect Variable Name Anxiety
Sinn Predictive Coefficient 0.1743378517917
Confidence Level HIGH
Confidence Interval 0.41590864381496
Forward Pearson Predictive Coefficient -0.832
Critical T Value 1.86
Total Spending Time With Animals Over Previous 21 days Before ABOVE Average Anxiety 0 count
Total Spending Time With Animals Over Previous 21 days Before BELOW Average Anxiety 0.4 count
Duration of Action 21 days
Effect Size strongly negative
Number of Paired Measurements 8
Optimal Pearson Product 0.71893016814338
P Value 0.001
Statistical Significance 0.001
Strength of Relationship 0.41590864381496
Study Type population
Analysis Performed At 2026-01-04
Number of Participants 1

Spending Time With Animals Info

Property Value
Variable Name Spending Time With Animals
Aggregation Method SUM
Analysis Performed At 2020-10-07
Duration of Action 21 days
Filling Value 0
Kurtosis 13.407291666667
Mean 0.0625 count
Median 0 count
Minimum Allowed Value 0 count
Number of Aggregate Predictors 0
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 7
Number of Measurements 9
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 9
Public true
Onset Delay 30 minutes
Standard Deviation 0.24796734420949
Unit Count
User Variables 2
UPC 635682792204
Variable Category Treatments
Variable ID 95349
Variance 0.061491935483871

Anxiety / Nervousness Info

Property Value
Variable Name Anxiety
Aggregation Method MEAN
Analysis Performed At 2022-10-07
Duration of Action 24 hours
Kurtosis 2.033986759222
Maximum Allowed Value 5 out of 5
Mean 3.0756713266762 out of 5
Median 3.0701780313837 out of 5
Minimum Allowed Value 1 out of 5
Number of Aggregate Predictors 1566
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 260
Number of Measurements 13546
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 13546
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 0.31892876527387
Unit 1 to 5 Rating
User Variables 998
UPC 0
Variable Category Emotions
Variable ID 5903391
Variance 0.32180906187003

Introduction

Background

Spending Time With Animals (Treatments) and Anxiety (Emotions) are both important factors in understanding human health and well-being. This study investigates the relationship between these two variables using real-world observational data.

Traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while the gold standard for causal inference, are often impractical, expensive, or unethical for studying many health relationships. Aggregated N-of-1 observational studies offer a complementary approach that leverages within-subject comparisons across large populations to identify meaningful patterns.

Research Question

Do Spending Time With Animals affect Anxiety?

Additionally, we seek to determine:

  1. What is the direction and magnitude of any effect?
  2. How confident can we be in this relationship based on the available data?
  3. What are the optimal levels of Spending Time With Animals for maximizing Anxiety?

Study Objective

The objective of this study is to determine the nature of the relationship (if any) between Spending Time With Animals and Anxiety. Additionally, we attempt to determine the Spending Time With Animals values most likely to produce optimal Anxiety values.

Study Overview

This is a population-level observational study using aggregated N-of-1 methodology. By aggregating individual N-of-1 experiments, we can identify population-level patterns while accounting for the substantial individual variation that exists in most health relationships. Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline, enabling intuitive interpretation and comparison across different measures.

Full Methodology: Framework for Real-World Evidence-Based Pharmacovigilance: Aggregated N-of-1 Trials for Quantifying Treatment Effects

Discussion

Interpretation of Findings

Participants experienced a 42.9% reduction in Anxiety following above-average Spending Time With Animals exposure. The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) of 0.17 indicates weak evidence for a causal relationship. This finding is statistically significant (p = 0.001).

Statistical Significance

Using a two-tailed t-test with alpha = 0.05, it was determined that the change in Anxiety is statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. The p-value of 0.0010 indicates there is less than a 0.10% probability that this result occurred by chance.

After treatment, a 48% decrease (-1.5 out of 5) from the mean baseline 3.5 out of 5 was observed. The relative standard deviation at baseline was 15.6%. The observed change was 2.73861 times the standard deviation.

A common rule of thumb considers a change greater than twice the baseline standard deviation on two separate pre-post experiments may be considered significant. This occurrence would have only a 5% likelihood of resulting from random fluctuation (a p-value < 0.05).

T-Test Details
Observed t-value: 6.708
Critical t-value: 1.860

Since t = 6.71 > 1.86, we reject the null hypothesis.

Biological Plausibility

A plausible bio-chemical mechanism between predictor and outcome is critical for interpreting observational findings. This is where human judgment excels beyond statistical analysis.

Based on community responses so far, 1 person feels that there is a plausible mechanism of action and 0 feel that any relationship observed between Spending Time With Animals and Anxiety is coincidental.

Bradford Hill Criteria Assessment

The Bradford Hill criteria provide a framework for assessing causality in observational studies. Our methodology operationalizes six of the nine criteria through the Predictor Impact Score (PIS):

Criterion How Addressed Metric
Strength Effect size magnitude Percent change from baseline (Δ%), z-score
Consistency Cross-participant replication Number of users (N), number of pairs (n)
Temporality Predictor precedes outcome Temporality factor (φ), onset delay (δ > 0)
Biological Gradient Dose-response relationship Gradient coefficient (φgradient)
Plausibility Biological mechanism assessment Community votes on mechanism plausibility
Specificity Category appropriateness Interest factor (finterest)

Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

The PIS integrates multiple Bradford Hill criteria into a composite metric quantifying how reliably a predictor affects an outcome. Higher scores indicate stronger evidence:

Population-Level PIS:

$$\text{PIS}_{\text{agg}} = |r_{\text{forward}}| \cdot w \cdot \phi_{\text{users}} \cdot \phi_{\text{pairs}} \cdot \phi_{\text{change}} \cdot \phi_{\text{gradient}}$$

Where φ-factors are saturation functions approaching 1 as evidence accumulates:

  • φusers = 1 - e-N/10 (user saturation)
  • φpairs = 1 - e-n/nsig (pair saturation)
  • φchange = 1 - e-Δspread/Δsig (effect spread saturation)
  • w = weighted average of plausibility votes

Temporality Assessment

We assess evidence for correct causal direction using the temporality factor:

$$\phi_{\text{temporal}} = \frac{|r_{\text{forward}}|}{|r_{\text{forward}}| + |r_{\text{reverse}}|}$$

Values approaching 1 indicate the predictor precedes the outcome (supporting causation); values near 0.5 suggest ambiguous directionality; values near 0 suggest reverse causation or confounding by indication.

Limitations

As with any observational study, correlation does not prove causation. Key limitations include:

  • Unmeasured confounders: Variables not tracked may influence results
  • Self-selection bias: Health trackers may differ from the general population
  • Measurement error: Self-reported data may contain recall bias
  • Confounding by indication: Sicker individuals may use more treatments

However, within-subject comparison and temporal precedence analysis partially mitigate these limitations. If the relationship is merely coincidental, as participants independently modify their Spending Time With Animals values, the observed strength will decline over time. Spurious correlations naturally dissipate as more data is collected.

Future Directions

Future research should examine:

  • Subgroup analyses to identify individual differences in response
  • Potential confounders and mediators of the observed relationship
  • Optimal dosing and timing for Spending Time With Animals
  • Confirmation through prospective or randomized designs
  • Biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects

Conclusion

📊 Preliminary Findings: With 1 participants, these results are based on limited data. Effect sizes and confidence will improve as more participants contribute data. Consider these findings directional rather than definitive.

Above-average Spending Time With Animals was associated with a 42.9% reduction in Anxiety—a substantial effect. The Predictor Impact Score of 0.17 indicates this relationship is warranting continued monitoring.

Bottom Line: Based on a PIS of 0.17 and a 42.9% effect size, this relationship shows weak evidence. Additional observational data is recommended before investing in experimental validation. Note: These conclusions may strengthen or change direction as more data is collected.

These findings contribute to our understanding of how Spending Time With Animals may influence Anxiety in real-world conditions. The within-subject design and temporal analysis provide confidence in these relationships, though observational limitations remain.

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Methods

Study Design

This study is based on data donated by 1 participants. Thus, the study design is equivalent to the aggregation of 1 separate n=1 observational natural experiments.

This within-subject design is powerful because it controls for all stable individual characteristics (genetics, baseline health status, socioeconomic factors) that might otherwise confound the relationship between variables.

Data Analysis

Temporal Assumptions

The analysis incorporates temporal assumptions about the relationship between variables:

  • Onset Delay: It was assumed that 30 minutes would pass before a change in Spending Time With Animals would produce an observable change in Anxiety.
  • Duration of Action: It was assumed that Spending Time With Animals could produce an observable change in Anxiety for as much as 21 days after the stimulus event.

Statistical Methods

For each participant, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between Spending Time With Animals values and subsequent Anxiety values. Individual correlations were then aggregated using Fisher's z-transformation to produce a population-level estimate:

Individual Correlation:

$$r_i = \frac{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)}{\sqrt{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)^2 \sum(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)^2}}$$

Fisher's Z-Transformation:

$$z_i = \frac{1}{2} \ln\left(\frac{1 + r_i}{1 - r_i}\right)$$

Aggregated Correlation:

$$\bar{r} = \tanh(\bar{z}) \quad \text{where} \quad \bar{z} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} z_i$$

Effect Size Calculation

Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline. For each participant, we compare the outcome following above-average predictor values to the overall baseline outcome:

$$\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}} = \frac{\bar{O}_{\text{follow-up}} - \bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}}{\bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}} \times 100$$

Effect Magnitude (Z-Score)

To assess effect magnitude relative to natural variability, we calculate the z-score:

$$z = \frac{|\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}}|}{\text{RSD}_{\text{baseline}}}$$

where RSDbaseline is the relative standard deviation of outcome during baseline period

A z-score > 2 indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05), meaning the observed change exceeds typical baseline fluctuation and is unlikely due to random variation.

Statistical Significance

Correlation significance is assessed using a two-tailed t-test:

$$t = \frac{r\sqrt{n-2}}{\sqrt{1-r^2}}$$

We reject the null hypothesis (ρ = 0) at α = 0.05 when |t| exceeds the critical value, providing statistical evidence that the observed relationship is not due to chance.

Data Sources

Spending Time With Animals data was primarily collected using QuantiModo. QuantiModo allows you to easily track mood, symptoms, or any outcome you want to optimize in a fraction of a second. You can also import your data from over 30 other apps and devices. QuantiModo then analyzes your data to identify which hidden factors are most likely to be influencing your mood or symptoms.

Anxiety data was primarily collected using QuantiModo. QuantiModo allows you to easily track mood, symptoms, or any outcome you want to optimize in a fraction of a second. You can also import your data from over 30 other apps and devices. QuantiModo then analyzes your data to identify which hidden factors are most likely to be influencing your mood or symptoms.

Data Quality

Data quality measures were applied to ensure reliable results:

  • Minimum Data Requirement: Only participants with sufficient paired observations were included in the analysis.
  • Outlier Handling: Extreme values were winsorized to reduce the influence of measurement errors.
  • Missing Data: Days with missing values were handled using appropriate filling strategies based on the variable type.
  • Test User Exclusion: Test accounts and invalid users were excluded from all analyses.

Principal Investigator

Program & Methods

Mike P. Sinn
Sinn, M. P.

Designed and implemented data collection, aggregation, causal inference pipeline, and automated study generation framework. Developed the Predictor Impact Score methodology operationalizing Bradford Hill criteria for ranking causal relationships in observational data. When he tells people this at parties, they usually say they have to go check on their car.

Individual study outputs are automated, reproducible, and open to external audit. (Which I would seriously recommend.)

Contact

Cite This Study

APA Format
Sinn, M. P. (2026). Causal Analysis: Does Spending Time With Animals Affect Anxiety?. The Journal of Citizen Science. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-95349-effect-5903391-population-study
BibTeX 
@misc{sinn_cause_95349_effect_5903391_population_study_2026,
  author = {Sinn, Mike P.},
  title = {Causal Analysis: Does Spending Time With Animals Affect Anxiety?},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {The Journal of Citizen Science},
  url = {https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-95349-effect-5903391-population-study},
  note = {Accessed: January 10, 2026}
}
Chicago/Turabian
Sinn, Mike P. "Causal Analysis: Does Spending Time With Animals Affect Anxiety?." The Journal of Citizen Science. Accessed January 10, 2026. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-95349-effect-5903391-population-study.
Harvard
Sinn, M.P., 2026. Causal Analysis: Does Spending Time With Animals Affect Anxiety?. [Aggregated N-of-1 Study] The Journal of Citizen Science. Available at: https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-95349-effect-5903391-population-study [Accessed January 10, 2026].

Study Type: Aggregated N-of-1 Observational Mega-Study
Evidence Level: Level II (Real-World Evidence)
Methodology: Bradford Hill Criteria with Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

References

This framework was originally developed in 2013 based on the Bradford Hill criteria. Subsequent literature has independently validated similar approaches to causal inference from observational data:

  1. Hill, A.B. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58(5), 295-300. [Bradford Hill criteria]
  2. Lillie, E.O., et al. (2011). The n-of-1 clinical trial: the ultimate strategy for individualizing medicine? Personalized Medicine, 8(2), 161-173. [N-of-1 methodology]
  3. Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference . Cambridge University Press. [Causal inference]
  4. Hernán, M.A., & Robins, J.M. (2020). Causal Inference: What If . Chapman & Hall/CRC. [Free textbook]
  5. FDA (2018). Framework for FDA's Real-World Evidence Program . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Regulatory context]
  6. Duan, N., et al. (2013). Single-patient (n-of-1) trials: a pragmatic clinical decision methodology . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(8), S21-S28.
  7. Platt, R., et al. (2018). The FDA Sentinel Initiative—an evolving national resource . New England Journal of Medicine, 379(22), 2091-2093.

This information is for research and educational purposes only, not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before making health decisions. Terms of Service

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