Higher Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Predicts Very Slightly Higher Neck Pain for Population

Higher Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Predicts Very Slightly Higher Neck Pain for Population

Contents

Variables

A
Time Between Sunrise and Sunset 362
A
Neck Pain 484

Categories

A
Environment 564
A
Symptoms 13336

Actions

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Your Data

Tags

High Confidence
Very Weak Effect Size
Positive Relationship
Population Study
cause image gauge image effect image
Participants reported a 15.5% average decrease in Neck Pain following above average Time Between Sunrise And Sunset.

Abstract

Neck Pain was generally 23.4111% higher than average after 13 hours of Time Between Sunrise And Sunset per 7 days.

Aggregated data from 9 study participants suggests with a HIGH degree of confidence (p=0.0397, 95% CI -0.328 to 0.339) that Time Between Sunrise And Sunset has a very weakly positive predictive relationship (R=0.0056) with Neck Pain.

The highest quartile of Neck Pain measurements were observed following an average 12 hours Time Between Sunrise And Sunset per day.

The lowest quartile of Neck Pain measurements were observed following an average 12 hours of Time Between Sunrise And Sunset per day.

After an onset delay of 0 seconds, Neck Pain is typically 22% lower than average over the 7 days following around 12 hours of Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Time Between Sunrise And Sunset.

Keywords: Time Between Sunrise And Sunset, Neck Pain, N-of-1 trials, real-world evidence, causal inference, observational study

Preliminary: Based on 9 participants. Results may change as more data is collected.

Results

Primary Findings

Analysis of 546 paired observations from 9 participants revealed a moderate improvement in Neck Pain following above-average Time Between Sunrise And Sunset exposure.

+23.4%
Change from Baseline
Moderate effect on Neck Pain
0.00
Predictor Impact Score
Insufficient evidence for causal relationship

Supporting Statistics

High
Confidence
0.006
Correlation (r)
p = 0.229
Significance
z = 2.54
Effect Magnitude
φ = 1.00
Temporality

What This Means

When participants had above-average Time Between Sunrise And Sunset:

  • Neck Pain increased by 23.4% on average
  • Temporal analysis supports Time Between Sunrise And Sunset as the predictor (not the outcome)

Interpreting the Predictor Impact Score

The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) integrates multiple Bradford Hill causal criteria into a single metric. Use this guide to interpret the score:

PIS Range Interpretation Recommended Action
≥ 0.5 Strong evidence High priority for RCT validation
0.3 - 0.5 Moderate evidence Consider for experimental investigation
0.1 - 0.3 Weak evidence Monitor for additional data
< 0.1 Insufficient evidence Low priority; may be noise

Note: PIS is a prioritization heuristic, not proof of causation. High scores indicate relationships worth investigating, not confirmed causal effects. With only 9 participants, these scores are preliminary and will become more reliable as additional data is collected.

Optimal Daily Values

No clear dose-response relationship detected. The Time Between Sunrise And Sunset values associated with high and low Neck Pain are too similar to provide meaningful dosing guidance. This may indicate a threshold effect (any amount works equally well), no effect, or insufficient data variance. With more participants, a clearer pattern may emerge.

Population Correlation

Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Distribution

Neck Pain Distribution

Relationship Analysis

Statistical Summary

Relationship Statistics

Property Value
Cause Variable Name Time Between Sunrise And Sunset
Effect Variable Name Neck Pain
Sinn Predictive Coefficient 0.0033232097869591
Confidence Level HIGH
Confidence Interval 0.33386604427804
Forward Pearson Predictive Coefficient 0.0056
Critical T Value 1.7338888888889
Total Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Over Previous 7 days Before ABOVE Average Neck Pain 12 hours
Total Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Over Previous 7 days Before BELOW Average Neck Pain 12 hours
Duration of Action 7 days
Effect Size very weakly positive
Number of Paired Measurements 546
Optimal Pearson Product 0.4354983060373
P Value 0.03967850939309
Statistical Significance 0.2291
Strength of Relationship 0.33386604427804
Study Type population
Analysis Performed At 2026-01-04
Number of Participants 9

Time Between Sunrise and Sunset Info

Property Value
Variable Name Time Between Sunrise And Sunset
Aggregation Method SUM
Analysis Performed At 2020-09-10
Duration of Action 7 days
Kurtosis 1.6654030232475
Maximum Allowed Value 23 hours
Mean 12 hours
Median 12 hours
Minimum Allowed Value 60 minutes
Number of Aggregate Predictors 0
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 362
Number of Measurements 821637
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 452647
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 1.7285417205584
Unit Hours
User Variables 817
Variable Category Environment
Variable ID 6038788
Variance 3.9125797209335

Neck Pain Info

Property Value
Variable Name Neck Pain
Aggregation Method MEAN
Analysis Performed At 2021-04-22
Duration of Action 24 hours
Kurtosis 2.493658361557
Maximum Allowed Value 5 out of 5
Mean 3.0594223140496 out of 5
Median 3.0529991735537 out of 5
Minimum Allowed Value 1 out of 5
Number of Aggregate Predictors 390
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 94
Number of Measurements 1713
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 1713
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 0.38967633492898
Unit 1 to 5 Rating
User Variables 177
UPC 0
Variable Category Symptoms
Variable ID 84887
Variance 0.39306721465124

Introduction

Background

Time Between Sunrise And Sunset (Environment) and Neck Pain (Symptoms) are both important factors in understanding human health and well-being. This study investigates the relationship between these two variables using real-world observational data.

Traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while the gold standard for causal inference, are often impractical, expensive, or unethical for studying many health relationships. Aggregated N-of-1 observational studies offer a complementary approach that leverages within-subject comparisons across large populations to identify meaningful patterns.

Research Question

Does Time Between Sunrise And Sunset affect Neck Pain?

Additionally, we seek to determine:

  1. What is the direction and magnitude of any effect?
  2. How confident can we be in this relationship based on the available data?
  3. What are the optimal levels of Time Between Sunrise And Sunset for maximizing Neck Pain?

Study Objective

The objective of this study is to determine the nature of the relationship (if any) between Time Between Sunrise And Sunset and Neck Pain. Additionally, we attempt to determine the Time Between Sunrise And Sunset values most likely to produce optimal Neck Pain values.

Study Overview

This is a population-level observational study using aggregated N-of-1 methodology. By aggregating individual N-of-1 experiments, we can identify population-level patterns while accounting for the substantial individual variation that exists in most health relationships. Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline, enabling intuitive interpretation and comparison across different measures.

Full Methodology: Framework for Real-World Evidence-Based Pharmacovigilance: Aggregated N-of-1 Trials for Quantifying Treatment Effects

Discussion

Interpretation of Findings

Participants experienced a 23.4% improvement in Neck Pain following above-average Time Between Sunrise And Sunset exposure. The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) of 0.00 indicates insufficient evidence for a causal relationship.

Statistical Significance

Using a two-tailed t-test with alpha = 0.05, it was determined that the change in Neck Pain is statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. The p-value of 0.2291 indicates there is less than a 22.91% probability that this result occurred by chance.

After treatment, a 15.5% decrease (0.142 out of 5) from the mean baseline 2.66 out of 5 was observed. The relative standard deviation at baseline was 22.6556%. The observed change was 2.54466 times the standard deviation.

A common rule of thumb considers a change greater than twice the baseline standard deviation on two separate pre-post experiments may be considered significant. This occurrence would have only a 5% likelihood of resulting from random fluctuation (a p-value < 0.05).

T-Test Details
Observed t-value: 7.509
Critical t-value: 1.734

Since t = 7.51 > 1.73, we reject the null hypothesis.

Biological Plausibility

A plausible bio-chemical mechanism between predictor and outcome is critical for interpreting observational findings. This is where human judgment excels beyond statistical analysis.

Community feedback on the biological plausibility of this relationship is still being collected. Consider the known mechanisms by which Time Between Sunrise And Sunset might influence Neck Pain.

Bradford Hill Criteria Assessment

The Bradford Hill criteria provide a framework for assessing causality in observational studies. Our methodology operationalizes six of the nine criteria through the Predictor Impact Score (PIS):

Criterion How Addressed Metric
Strength Effect size magnitude Percent change from baseline (Δ%), z-score
Consistency Cross-participant replication Number of users (N), number of pairs (n)
Temporality Predictor precedes outcome Temporality factor (φ), onset delay (δ > 0)
Biological Gradient Dose-response relationship Gradient coefficient (φgradient)
Plausibility Biological mechanism assessment Community votes on mechanism plausibility
Specificity Category appropriateness Interest factor (finterest)

Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

The PIS integrates multiple Bradford Hill criteria into a composite metric quantifying how reliably a predictor affects an outcome. Higher scores indicate stronger evidence:

Population-Level PIS:

$$\text{PIS}_{\text{agg}} = |r_{\text{forward}}| \cdot w \cdot \phi_{\text{users}} \cdot \phi_{\text{pairs}} \cdot \phi_{\text{change}} \cdot \phi_{\text{gradient}}$$

Where φ-factors are saturation functions approaching 1 as evidence accumulates:

  • φusers = 1 - e-N/10 (user saturation)
  • φpairs = 1 - e-n/nsig (pair saturation)
  • φchange = 1 - e-Δspread/Δsig (effect spread saturation)
  • w = weighted average of plausibility votes

Temporality Assessment

We assess evidence for correct causal direction using the temporality factor:

$$\phi_{\text{temporal}} = \frac{|r_{\text{forward}}|}{|r_{\text{forward}}| + |r_{\text{reverse}}|}$$

Values approaching 1 indicate the predictor precedes the outcome (supporting causation); values near 0.5 suggest ambiguous directionality; values near 0 suggest reverse causation or confounding by indication.

Limitations

As with any observational study, correlation does not prove causation. Key limitations include:

  • Unmeasured confounders: Variables not tracked may influence results
  • Self-selection bias: Health trackers may differ from the general population
  • Measurement error: Self-reported data may contain recall bias
  • Confounding by indication: Sicker individuals may use more treatments

However, within-subject comparison and temporal precedence analysis partially mitigate these limitations. If the relationship is merely coincidental, as participants independently modify their Time Between Sunrise And Sunset values, the observed strength will decline over time. Spurious correlations naturally dissipate as more data is collected.

Future Directions

Future research should examine:

  • Subgroup analyses to identify individual differences in response
  • Potential confounders and mediators of the observed relationship
  • Optimal dosing and timing for Time Between Sunrise And Sunset
  • Confirmation through prospective or randomized designs
  • Biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects

Conclusion

📊 Preliminary Findings: With 9 participants, these results are based on limited data. Effect sizes and confidence will improve as more participants contribute data. Consider these findings directional rather than definitive.

Above-average Time Between Sunrise And Sunset was associated with a 23.4% improvement in Neck Pain—a moderate effect. The Predictor Impact Score of 0.00 indicates this relationship is requiring additional data before conclusions.

Bottom Line: Based on a PIS of 0.00 and a 23.4% effect size, this relationship currently lacks sufficient evidence. Continue monitoring as more data becomes available. Note: These conclusions may strengthen or change direction as more data is collected.

These findings contribute to our understanding of how Time Between Sunrise And Sunset may influence Neck Pain in real-world conditions. While preliminary, these results may inform future research directions. As more participants contribute data, the reliability and precision of these findings will improve substantially.

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Methods

Study Design

This study is based on data donated by 9 participants. Thus, the study design is equivalent to the aggregation of 9 separate n=1 observational natural experiments.

This within-subject design is powerful because it controls for all stable individual characteristics (genetics, baseline health status, socioeconomic factors) that might otherwise confound the relationship between variables.

Data Analysis

Temporal Assumptions

The analysis incorporates temporal assumptions about the relationship between variables:

  • Onset Delay: It was assumed that 0 seconds would pass before a change in Time Between Sunrise And Sunset would produce an observable change in Neck Pain.
  • Duration of Action: It was assumed that Time Between Sunrise And Sunset could produce an observable change in Neck Pain for as much as 7 days after the stimulus event.

Statistical Methods

For each participant, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between Time Between Sunrise And Sunset values and subsequent Neck Pain values. Individual correlations were then aggregated using Fisher's z-transformation to produce a population-level estimate:

Individual Correlation:

$$r_i = \frac{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)}{\sqrt{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)^2 \sum(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)^2}}$$

Fisher's Z-Transformation:

$$z_i = \frac{1}{2} \ln\left(\frac{1 + r_i}{1 - r_i}\right)$$

Aggregated Correlation:

$$\bar{r} = \tanh(\bar{z}) \quad \text{where} \quad \bar{z} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} z_i$$

Effect Size Calculation

Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline. For each participant, we compare the outcome following above-average predictor values to the overall baseline outcome:

$$\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}} = \frac{\bar{O}_{\text{follow-up}} - \bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}}{\bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}} \times 100$$

Effect Magnitude (Z-Score)

To assess effect magnitude relative to natural variability, we calculate the z-score:

$$z = \frac{|\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}}|}{\text{RSD}_{\text{baseline}}}$$

where RSDbaseline is the relative standard deviation of outcome during baseline period

A z-score > 2 indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05), meaning the observed change exceeds typical baseline fluctuation and is unlikely due to random variation.

Statistical Significance

Correlation significance is assessed using a two-tailed t-test:

$$t = \frac{r\sqrt{n-2}}{\sqrt{1-r^2}}$$

We reject the null hypothesis (ρ = 0) at α = 0.05 when |t| exceeds the critical value, providing statistical evidence that the observed relationship is not due to chance.

Data Sources

Time Between Sunrise And Sunset data was primarily collected using Weather. Automatically import temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure.

Neck Pain data was primarily collected using QuantiModo. QuantiModo allows you to easily track mood, symptoms, or any outcome you want to optimize in a fraction of a second. You can also import your data from over 30 other apps and devices. QuantiModo then analyzes your data to identify which hidden factors are most likely to be influencing your mood or symptoms.

Data Quality

Data quality measures were applied to ensure reliable results:

  • Minimum Data Requirement: Only participants with sufficient paired observations were included in the analysis.
  • Outlier Handling: Extreme values were winsorized to reduce the influence of measurement errors.
  • Missing Data: Days with missing values were handled using appropriate filling strategies based on the variable type.
  • Test User Exclusion: Test accounts and invalid users were excluded from all analyses.

Principal Investigator

Program & Methods

Mike P. Sinn
Sinn, M. P.

Designed and implemented data collection, aggregation, causal inference pipeline, and automated study generation framework. Developed the Predictor Impact Score methodology operationalizing Bradford Hill criteria for ranking causal relationships in observational data. When he tells people this at parties, they usually say they have to go check on their car.

Individual study outputs are automated, reproducible, and open to external audit. (Which I would seriously recommend.)

Contact

Cite This Study

APA Format
Sinn, M. P. (2026). Causal Analysis: Does Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Affect Neck Pain?. The Journal of Citizen Science. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6038788-effect-84887-population-study
BibTeX 
@misc{sinn_cause_6038788_effect_84887_population_study_2026,
  author = {Sinn, Mike P.},
  title = {Causal Analysis: Does Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Affect Neck Pain?},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {The Journal of Citizen Science},
  url = {https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6038788-effect-84887-population-study},
  note = {Accessed: January 7, 2026}
}
Chicago/Turabian
Sinn, Mike P. "Causal Analysis: Does Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Affect Neck Pain?." The Journal of Citizen Science. Accessed January 7, 2026. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6038788-effect-84887-population-study.
Harvard
Sinn, M.P., 2026. Causal Analysis: Does Time Between Sunrise And Sunset Affect Neck Pain?. [Aggregated N-of-1 Study] The Journal of Citizen Science. Available at: https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-6038788-effect-84887-population-study [Accessed January 7, 2026].

Study Type: Aggregated N-of-1 Observational Mega-Study
Evidence Level: Level II (Real-World Evidence)
Methodology: Bradford Hill Criteria with Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

References

This framework was originally developed in 2013 based on the Bradford Hill criteria. Subsequent literature has independently validated similar approaches to causal inference from observational data:

  1. Hill, A.B. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58(5), 295-300. [Bradford Hill criteria]
  2. Lillie, E.O., et al. (2011). The n-of-1 clinical trial: the ultimate strategy for individualizing medicine? Personalized Medicine, 8(2), 161-173. [N-of-1 methodology]
  3. Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference . Cambridge University Press. [Causal inference]
  4. Hernán, M.A., & Robins, J.M. (2020). Causal Inference: What If . Chapman & Hall/CRC. [Free textbook]
  5. FDA (2018). Framework for FDA's Real-World Evidence Program . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Regulatory context]
  6. Duan, N., et al. (2013). Single-patient (n-of-1) trials: a pragmatic clinical decision methodology . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(8), S21-S28.
  7. Platt, R., et al. (2018). The FDA Sentinel Initiative—an evolving national resource . New England Journal of Medicine, 379(22), 2091-2093.

This information is for research and educational purposes only, not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before making health decisions. Terms of Service

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