Higher Vit.K Intake Predicts Slightly Higher Distress for Population

Higher Vit.K Intake Predicts Slightly Higher Distress for Population

Contents

Variables

A
Vit.K 38
A
Distress 1349

Categories

A
Nutrients 313
A
Emotions 2028

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High Confidence
Weak Effect Size
Positive Relationship
Population Study
cause image gauge image effect image
Participants reported a 32.6% average increase in Distress following above average Vit.K Intake.

Abstract

<h6>Not Enough Overlapping Data</h6>404<h6>Solution: Start Tracking</h6>404

Distress was generally 0% higher than average after 0% recommended daily allowance of Vit.K per 7 days.

Aggregated data from 2 study participants suggests with a HIGH degree of confidence (p=0.0026, 95% CI -0.317 to 0.793) that Vit.K has a weakly positive predictive relationship (R=0.238) with Distress.

The highest quartile of Distress measurements were observed following an average 0.17% recommended daily allowance Vit.K.

The lowest quartile of Distress measurements were observed following an average 0% recommended daily allowance of Vit.K.

After an onset delay of 0 seconds, Distress is typically 2% lower than average over the 7 days following around 0% recommended daily allowance of Vit.K Vit.K.

Keywords: Vit.K, Distress, N-of-1 trials, real-world evidence, causal inference, observational study

Preliminary: Based on 2 participants. Results may change as more data is collected.

Results

Primary Findings

Analysis of 14 paired observations from 2 participants revealed a minimal reduction in Distress following above-average Vit.K exposure.

0.0%
Change from Baseline
Minimal effect on Distress
0.04
Predictor Impact Score
Insufficient evidence for causal relationship

Supporting Statistics

High
Confidence
0.238
Correlation (r)
p = 0.009
Significance
z = 0.00
Effect Magnitude
φ = 1.00
Temporality

What This Means

When participants had above-average Vit.K:

  • Distress decreased by 0.0% on average
  • Temporal analysis supports Vit.K as the predictor (not the outcome)
  • This relationship is statistically significant (p = 0.009)

Interpreting the Predictor Impact Score

The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) integrates multiple Bradford Hill causal criteria into a single metric. Use this guide to interpret the score:

PIS Range Interpretation Recommended Action
≥ 0.5 Strong evidence High priority for RCT validation
0.3 - 0.5 Moderate evidence Consider for experimental investigation
0.1 - 0.3 Weak evidence Monitor for additional data
< 0.1 Insufficient evidence Low priority; may be noise

Note: PIS is a prioritization heuristic, not proof of causation. High scores indicate relationships worth investigating, not confirmed causal effects. With only 2 participants, these scores are preliminary and will become more reliable as additional data is collected.

Optimal Daily Values (Precision Dosing)

Based on the observed relationship, we can estimate the predictor values associated with the best and worst outcomes. These values enable personalized dosing recommendations.

⚠️ Preliminary Data: With 2 participants and 14 observations, these optimal values are preliminary estimates. As more data is collected, precision will improve significantly.

1.0 %RDA
Value Predicting Higher Distress
Average Vit.K when Distress exceeded its mean
0.0 %RDA
Value Predicting Lower Distress
Average Vit.K when Distress was below its mean

What This Suggests

Distress tended to be highest when Vit.K was around 1.0 %RDA.

Important: These values reflect correlations, not guaranteed causal effects. Individual responses may vary. Use as a starting point for personal experimentation, not as a definitive prescription. Consult healthcare providers before making treatment decisions.

Population Correlation

Vit.K Distribution

Distress Distribution

Statistical Summary

Relationship Statistics

Property Value
Cause Variable Name Vit.K Intake
Effect Variable Name Distress
Sinn Predictive Coefficient 0.043142081761453
Confidence Level HIGH
Confidence Interval 0.55508936390736
Forward Pearson Predictive Coefficient 0.238
Critical T Value 1.761
Average Vit.K Intake Over Previous 7 days Before ABOVE Average Distress 0.17% recommended daily allowance
Average Vit.K Intake Over Previous 7 days Before BELOW Average Distress 0% recommended daily allowance
Duration of Action 7 days
Effect Size weakly positive
Number of Paired Measurements 14
Optimal Pearson Product 0.17810289161044
P Value 0.0026027242404208
Statistical Significance 0.0085
Strength of Relationship 0.55508936390736
Study Type population
Analysis Performed At 2026-01-04
Number of Participants 2

Vit.K Info

Property Value
Variable Name Vit.K
Aggregation Method MEAN
Analysis Performed At 2020-09-23
Duration of Action 7 days
Kurtosis 8.7704438437458
Mean 41.629342995169% recommended daily allowance
Median 29.833333333333% recommended daily allowance
Minimum Allowed Value 0% recommended daily allowance
Number of Aggregate Predictors 0
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 38
Number of Measurements 164
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 95
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 45.106222846842
Unit % Recommended Daily Allowance
User Variables 3
UPC 0
Variable Category Nutrients
Variable ID 1948
Variance 3160.2743791905

Distress Info

Property Value
Variable Name Distress
Aggregation Method MEAN
Analysis Performed At 2020-09-17
Duration of Action 24 hours
Kurtosis 2.8522483497534
Maximum Allowed Value 5 out of 5
Mean 2.4777342286981 out of 5
Median 2.4229733332357 out of 5
Minimum Allowed Value 1 out of 5
Number of Aggregate Predictors 1209
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 140
Number of Measurements 33096
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 32968
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 0.53719668856315
Unit 1 to 5 Rating
User Variables 1486
UPC 647297398818
Variable Category Emotions
Variable ID 1305
Variance 0.6312526863217

Introduction

Background

Vit.K (Nutrients) and Distress (Emotions) are both important factors in understanding human health and well-being. This study investigates the relationship between these two variables using real-world observational data.

Traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while the gold standard for causal inference, are often impractical, expensive, or unethical for studying many health relationships. Aggregated N-of-1 observational studies offer a complementary approach that leverages within-subject comparisons across large populations to identify meaningful patterns.

Research Question

Does Vit.K affect Distress?

Additionally, we seek to determine:

  1. What is the direction and magnitude of any effect?
  2. How confident can we be in this relationship based on the available data?
  3. What are the optimal levels of Vit.K for maximizing Distress?

Study Objective

The objective of this study is to determine the nature of the relationship (if any) between Vit.K and Distress. Additionally, we attempt to determine the Vit.K values most likely to produce optimal Distress values.

Study Overview

This is a population-level observational study using aggregated N-of-1 methodology. By aggregating individual N-of-1 experiments, we can identify population-level patterns while accounting for the substantial individual variation that exists in most health relationships. Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline, enabling intuitive interpretation and comparison across different measures.

Full Methodology: Framework for Real-World Evidence-Based Pharmacovigilance: Aggregated N-of-1 Trials for Quantifying Treatment Effects

Discussion

Interpretation of Findings

Participants experienced a 0.0% reduction in Distress following above-average Vit.K exposure. The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) of 0.04 indicates insufficient evidence for a causal relationship. This finding is statistically significant (p = 0.009).

Statistical Significance

Using a two-tailed t-test with alpha = 0.05, it was determined that the change in Distress is statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. The p-value of 0.0085 indicates there is less than a 0.85% probability that this result occurred by chance.

T-Test Details
Observed t-value: 3.172
Critical t-value: 1.761

Since t = 3.17 > 1.76, we reject the null hypothesis.

Biological Plausibility

A plausible bio-chemical mechanism between predictor and outcome is critical for interpreting observational findings. This is where human judgment excels beyond statistical analysis.

Community feedback on the biological plausibility of this relationship is still being collected. Consider the known mechanisms by which Vit.K might influence Distress.

Bradford Hill Criteria Assessment

The Bradford Hill criteria provide a framework for assessing causality in observational studies. Our methodology operationalizes six of the nine criteria through the Predictor Impact Score (PIS):

Criterion How Addressed Metric
Strength Effect size magnitude Percent change from baseline (Δ%), z-score
Consistency Cross-participant replication Number of users (N), number of pairs (n)
Temporality Predictor precedes outcome Temporality factor (φ), onset delay (δ > 0)
Biological Gradient Dose-response relationship Gradient coefficient (φgradient)
Plausibility Biological mechanism assessment Community votes on mechanism plausibility
Specificity Category appropriateness Interest factor (finterest)

Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

The PIS integrates multiple Bradford Hill criteria into a composite metric quantifying how reliably a predictor affects an outcome. Higher scores indicate stronger evidence:

Population-Level PIS:

$$\text{PIS}_{\text{agg}} = |r_{\text{forward}}| \cdot w \cdot \phi_{\text{users}} \cdot \phi_{\text{pairs}} \cdot \phi_{\text{change}} \cdot \phi_{\text{gradient}}$$

Where φ-factors are saturation functions approaching 1 as evidence accumulates:

  • φusers = 1 - e-N/10 (user saturation)
  • φpairs = 1 - e-n/nsig (pair saturation)
  • φchange = 1 - e-Δspread/Δsig (effect spread saturation)
  • w = weighted average of plausibility votes

Temporality Assessment

We assess evidence for correct causal direction using the temporality factor:

$$\phi_{\text{temporal}} = \frac{|r_{\text{forward}}|}{|r_{\text{forward}}| + |r_{\text{reverse}}|}$$

Values approaching 1 indicate the predictor precedes the outcome (supporting causation); values near 0.5 suggest ambiguous directionality; values near 0 suggest reverse causation or confounding by indication.

Limitations

The accuracy of this study may be limited by the fact that <h6>Not Enough Overlapping Data</h6>404<h6>Solution: Start Tracking</h6>404. A greater amount of data and more variance in the data would help to resolve this issue.

As with any observational study, correlation does not prove causation. Key limitations include:

  • Unmeasured confounders: Variables not tracked may influence results
  • Self-selection bias: Health trackers may differ from the general population
  • Measurement error: Self-reported data may contain recall bias
  • Confounding by indication: Sicker individuals may use more treatments

However, within-subject comparison and temporal precedence analysis partially mitigate these limitations. If the relationship is merely coincidental, as participants independently modify their Vit.K values, the observed strength will decline over time. Spurious correlations naturally dissipate as more data is collected.

Future Directions

Future research should examine:

  • Subgroup analyses to identify individual differences in response
  • Potential confounders and mediators of the observed relationship
  • Optimal dosing and timing for Vit.K
  • Confirmation through prospective or randomized designs
  • Biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects

Conclusion

📊 Preliminary Findings: With 2 participants, these results are based on limited data. Effect sizes and confidence will improve as more participants contribute data. Consider these findings directional rather than definitive.

Above-average Vit.K was associated with a 0.0% reduction in Distress—a minimal effect. The Predictor Impact Score of 0.04 indicates this relationship is requiring additional data before conclusions.

Bottom Line: Based on a PIS of 0.04 and a 0.0% effect size, this relationship currently lacks sufficient evidence. Continue monitoring as more data becomes available. Note: These conclusions may strengthen or change direction as more data is collected.

These findings contribute to our understanding of how Vit.K may influence Distress in real-world conditions. The within-subject design and temporal analysis provide confidence in these relationships, though observational limitations remain.

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Methods

Study Design

This study is based on data donated by 2 participants. Thus, the study design is equivalent to the aggregation of 2 separate n=1 observational natural experiments.

This within-subject design is powerful because it controls for all stable individual characteristics (genetics, baseline health status, socioeconomic factors) that might otherwise confound the relationship between variables.

Data Analysis

Temporal Assumptions

The analysis incorporates temporal assumptions about the relationship between variables:

  • Onset Delay: It was assumed that 0 seconds would pass before a change in Vit.K would produce an observable change in Distress.
  • Duration of Action: It was assumed that Vit.K could produce an observable change in Distress for as much as 7 days after the stimulus event.

Statistical Methods

For each participant, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between Vit.K values and subsequent Distress values. Individual correlations were then aggregated using Fisher's z-transformation to produce a population-level estimate:

Individual Correlation:

$$r_i = \frac{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)}{\sqrt{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)^2 \sum(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)^2}}$$

Fisher's Z-Transformation:

$$z_i = \frac{1}{2} \ln\left(\frac{1 + r_i}{1 - r_i}\right)$$

Aggregated Correlation:

$$\bar{r} = \tanh(\bar{z}) \quad \text{where} \quad \bar{z} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} z_i$$

Effect Size Calculation

Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline. For each participant, we compare the outcome following above-average predictor values to the overall baseline outcome:

$$\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}} = \frac{\bar{O}_{\text{follow-up}} - \bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}}{\bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}} \times 100$$

Effect Magnitude (Z-Score)

To assess effect magnitude relative to natural variability, we calculate the z-score:

$$z = \frac{|\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}}|}{\text{RSD}_{\text{baseline}}}$$

where RSDbaseline is the relative standard deviation of outcome during baseline period

A z-score > 2 indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05), meaning the observed change exceeds typical baseline fluctuation and is unlikely due to random variation.

Statistical Significance

Correlation significance is assessed using a two-tailed t-test:

$$t = \frac{r\sqrt{n-2}}{\sqrt{1-r^2}}$$

We reject the null hypothesis (ρ = 0) at α = 0.05 when |t| exceeds the critical value, providing statistical evidence that the observed relationship is not due to chance.

Data Sources

Vit.K data was primarily collected using MyNetDiary. MyNetDiary is an online and mobile food diary with calorie counter and online community. MyNetDiary provides instant and easy food entry, searching while you type. Enter foods 2-3 times faster than with any other food diary.

Distress data was primarily collected using QuantiModo. QuantiModo allows you to easily track mood, symptoms, or any outcome you want to optimize in a fraction of a second. You can also import your data from over 30 other apps and devices. QuantiModo then analyzes your data to identify which hidden factors are most likely to be influencing your mood or symptoms.

Data Quality

Data quality measures were applied to ensure reliable results:

  • Minimum Data Requirement: Only participants with sufficient paired observations were included in the analysis.
  • Outlier Handling: Extreme values were winsorized to reduce the influence of measurement errors.
  • Missing Data: Days with missing values were handled using appropriate filling strategies based on the variable type.
  • Test User Exclusion: Test accounts and invalid users were excluded from all analyses.

Principal Investigator

Program & Methods

Mike P. Sinn
Sinn, M. P.

Designed and implemented data collection, aggregation, causal inference pipeline, and automated study generation framework. Developed the Predictor Impact Score methodology operationalizing Bradford Hill criteria for ranking causal relationships in observational data. When he tells people this at parties, they usually say they have to go check on their car.

Individual study outputs are automated, reproducible, and open to external audit. (Which I would seriously recommend.)

Contact

Cite This Study

APA Format
Sinn, M. P. (2026). Causal Analysis: Does Vit.K Affect Distress?. The Journal of Citizen Science. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1948-effect-1305-population-study
BibTeX 
@misc{sinn_cause_1948_effect_1305_population_study_2026,
  author = {Sinn, Mike P.},
  title = {Causal Analysis: Does Vit.K Affect Distress?},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {The Journal of Citizen Science},
  url = {https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1948-effect-1305-population-study},
  note = {Accessed: January 9, 2026}
}
Chicago/Turabian
Sinn, Mike P. "Causal Analysis: Does Vit.K Affect Distress?." The Journal of Citizen Science. Accessed January 9, 2026. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1948-effect-1305-population-study.
Harvard
Sinn, M.P., 2026. Causal Analysis: Does Vit.K Affect Distress?. [Aggregated N-of-1 Study] The Journal of Citizen Science. Available at: https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1948-effect-1305-population-study [Accessed January 9, 2026].

Study Type: Aggregated N-of-1 Observational Mega-Study
Evidence Level: Level II (Real-World Evidence)
Methodology: Bradford Hill Criteria with Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

References

This framework was originally developed in 2013 based on the Bradford Hill criteria. Subsequent literature has independently validated similar approaches to causal inference from observational data:

  1. Hill, A.B. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58(5), 295-300. [Bradford Hill criteria]
  2. Lillie, E.O., et al. (2011). The n-of-1 clinical trial: the ultimate strategy for individualizing medicine? Personalized Medicine, 8(2), 161-173. [N-of-1 methodology]
  3. Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference . Cambridge University Press. [Causal inference]
  4. Hernán, M.A., & Robins, J.M. (2020). Causal Inference: What If . Chapman & Hall/CRC. [Free textbook]
  5. FDA (2018). Framework for FDA's Real-World Evidence Program . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Regulatory context]
  6. Duan, N., et al. (2013). Single-patient (n-of-1) trials: a pragmatic clinical decision methodology . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(8), S21-S28.
  7. Platt, R., et al. (2018). The FDA Sentinel Initiative—an evolving national resource . New England Journal of Medicine, 379(22), 2091-2093.

This information is for research and educational purposes only, not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before making health decisions. Terms of Service

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