Higher Keystrokes Predicts Moderately Higher Jitteriness for Population

Higher Keystrokes Predicts Moderately Higher Jitteriness for Population

Contents

Variables

A
Keystrokes 419
A
Jitteriness 1226

Categories

A
Activities 1637
A
Emotions 2028

Tags

Medium Confidence
Weak Effect Size
Positive Relationship
Population Study
cause image gauge image effect image
Participants reported a 49.6% average increase in Jitteriness following above average Keystrokes.

Abstract

Jitteriness was generally 4.5% lower than average after 3920 event of Keystrokes per 7 days.

Aggregated data from 2 study participants suggests with a MEDIUM degree of confidence (p=0.141, 95% CI 0.048 to 0.621) that Keystrokes has a moderately positive predictive relationship (R=0.334) with Jitteriness.

The highest quartile of Jitteriness measurements were observed following an average 5810 event Keystrokes per day.

The lowest quartile of Jitteriness measurements were observed following an average 2890 event of Keystrokes per day.

After an onset delay of 0 seconds, Jitteriness is typically 8% lower than average over the 7 days following around 2890 event of Keystrokes Keystrokes.

Keywords: Keystrokes, Jitteriness, N-of-1 trials, real-world evidence, causal inference, observational study

Preliminary: Based on 2 participants. Results may change as more data is collected.

Results

Primary Findings

Analysis of 235 paired observations from 2 participants revealed a minimal reduction in Jitteriness following above-average Keystrokes exposure.

-4.5%
Change from Baseline
Minimal effect on Jitteriness
0.24
Predictor Impact Score
Weak evidence for causal relationship

Supporting Statistics

Medium
Confidence
0.334
Correlation (r)
p = 0.531
Significance
z = 0.39
Effect Magnitude
φ = 1.00
Temporality

What This Means

When participants had above-average Keystrokes:

  • Jitteriness decreased by 4.5% on average
  • Temporal analysis supports Keystrokes as the predictor (not the outcome)

Interpreting the Predictor Impact Score

The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) integrates multiple Bradford Hill causal criteria into a single metric. Use this guide to interpret the score:

PIS Range Interpretation Recommended Action
≥ 0.5 Strong evidence High priority for RCT validation
0.3 - 0.5 Moderate evidence Consider for experimental investigation
0.1 - 0.3 Weak evidence Monitor for additional data
< 0.1 Insufficient evidence Low priority; may be noise

Note: PIS is a prioritization heuristic, not proof of causation. High scores indicate relationships worth investigating, not confirmed causal effects. With only 2 participants, these scores are preliminary and will become more reliable as additional data is collected.

Optimal Daily Values (Precision Dosing)

Based on the observed relationship, we can estimate the predictor values associated with the best and worst outcomes. These values enable personalized dosing recommendations.

⚠️ Preliminary Data: With 2 participants and 235 observations, these optimal values are preliminary estimates. As more data is collected, precision will improve significantly.

4,947.6 event
Value Predicting Higher Jitteriness
Average Keystrokes when Jitteriness exceeded its mean
3,916.0 event
Value Predicting Lower Jitteriness
Average Keystrokes when Jitteriness was below its mean

What This Suggests

Jitteriness tended to be highest when Keystrokes was around 4,947.6 event.

Important: These values reflect correlations, not guaranteed causal effects. Individual responses may vary. Use as a starting point for personal experimentation, not as a definitive prescription. Consult healthcare providers before making treatment decisions.

Population Correlation

Keystrokes Distribution

Jitteriness Distribution

Relationship Analysis

Statistical Summary

Relationship Statistics

Property Value
Cause Variable Name Keystrokes
Effect Variable Name Jitteriness
Sinn Predictive Coefficient 0.24186755823387
Confidence Level MEDIUM
Confidence Interval 0.28624384174654
Forward Pearson Predictive Coefficient 0.3343
Critical T Value 1.693
Total Keystrokes Over Previous 7 days Before ABOVE Average Jitteriness 5810 event
Total Keystrokes Over Previous 7 days Before BELOW Average Jitteriness 2890 event
Duration of Action 7 days
Effect Size moderately positive
Number of Paired Measurements 235
Optimal Pearson Product 0.18142922017811
P Value 0.14091346521449
Statistical Significance 0.5311
Strength of Relationship 0.28624384174654
Study Type population
Analysis Performed At 2026-01-04
Number of Participants 2

Keystrokes Info

Property Value
Variable Name Keystrokes
Aggregation Method SUM
Analysis Performed At 2020-10-09
Duration of Action 7 days
Filling Value 0
Kurtosis 48.713553734092
Mean 4638.2457810458 event
Median 1758.8611111111 event
Minimum Allowed Value 0 event
Number of Aggregate Predictors 316
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 103
Number of Measurements 37182
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 30288
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 11393.325330336
Unit Event
User Variables 44
UPC 0
Variable Category Activities
Variable ID 1868
Variance 293259607.76983

Jitteriness Info

Property Value
Variable Name Jitteriness
Aggregation Method MEAN
Analysis Performed At 2020-09-17
Duration of Action 24 hours
Kurtosis 2.6367465767175
Maximum Allowed Value 5 out of 5
Mean 2.3890969570152 out of 5
Median 2.3481002216861 out of 5
Minimum Allowed Value 1 out of 5
Number of Aggregate Predictors 1107
Number of Aggregate Outcomes 119
Number of Measurements 28220
Number of Measurements (including those generated by tagged, joined, or child variables) 27853
Public true
Onset Delay 0 seconds
Standard Deviation 0.50486515916989
Unit 1 to 5 Rating
User Variables 1414
UPC 0
Variable Category Emotions
Variable ID 1361
Variance 0.57863573304335

Introduction

Background

Keystrokes (Activities) and Jitteriness (Emotions) are both important factors in understanding human health and well-being. This study investigates the relationship between these two variables using real-world observational data.

Traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while the gold standard for causal inference, are often impractical, expensive, or unethical for studying many health relationships. Aggregated N-of-1 observational studies offer a complementary approach that leverages within-subject comparisons across large populations to identify meaningful patterns.

Research Question

Do Keystrokes affect Jitteriness?

Additionally, we seek to determine:

  1. What is the direction and magnitude of any effect?
  2. How confident can we be in this relationship based on the available data?
  3. What are the optimal levels of Keystrokes for maximizing Jitteriness?

Study Objective

The objective of this study is to determine the nature of the relationship (if any) between Keystrokes and Jitteriness. Additionally, we attempt to determine the Keystrokes values most likely to produce optimal Jitteriness values.

Study Overview

This is a population-level observational study using aggregated N-of-1 methodology. By aggregating individual N-of-1 experiments, we can identify population-level patterns while accounting for the substantial individual variation that exists in most health relationships. Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline, enabling intuitive interpretation and comparison across different measures.

Full Methodology: Framework for Real-World Evidence-Based Pharmacovigilance: Aggregated N-of-1 Trials for Quantifying Treatment Effects

Discussion

Interpretation of Findings

Participants experienced a 4.5% reduction in Jitteriness following above-average Keystrokes exposure. The Predictor Impact Score (PIS) of 0.24 indicates weak evidence for a causal relationship.

Statistical Significance

Using a two-tailed t-test with alpha = 0.05, it was determined that the change in Jitteriness is not statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. This suggests that the Keystrokes value may not have a significant influence on the Jitteriness value, or that more data is needed to detect an effect.

After treatment, a 49.6% increase (-0.0485 out of 5) from the mean baseline 1.74 out of 5 was observed. The relative standard deviation at baseline was 30.9%. The observed change was 0.385 times the standard deviation.

A common rule of thumb considers a change greater than twice the baseline standard deviation on two separate pre-post experiments may be considered significant. This occurrence would have only a 5% likelihood of resulting from random fluctuation (a p-value < 0.05).

T-Test Details
Observed t-value: 1.443
Critical t-value: 1.693

Since t = 1.44 < 1.69, we cannot reject the null hypothesis.

Biological Plausibility

A plausible bio-chemical mechanism between predictor and outcome is critical for interpreting observational findings. This is where human judgment excels beyond statistical analysis.

Based on community responses so far, 1 person feels that there is a plausible mechanism of action and 0 feel that any relationship observed between Keystrokes and Jitteriness is coincidental.

Bradford Hill Criteria Assessment

The Bradford Hill criteria provide a framework for assessing causality in observational studies. Our methodology operationalizes six of the nine criteria through the Predictor Impact Score (PIS):

Criterion How Addressed Metric
Strength Effect size magnitude Percent change from baseline (Δ%), z-score
Consistency Cross-participant replication Number of users (N), number of pairs (n)
Temporality Predictor precedes outcome Temporality factor (φ), onset delay (δ > 0)
Biological Gradient Dose-response relationship Gradient coefficient (φgradient)
Plausibility Biological mechanism assessment Community votes on mechanism plausibility
Specificity Category appropriateness Interest factor (finterest)

Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

The PIS integrates multiple Bradford Hill criteria into a composite metric quantifying how reliably a predictor affects an outcome. Higher scores indicate stronger evidence:

Population-Level PIS:

$$\text{PIS}_{\text{agg}} = |r_{\text{forward}}| \cdot w \cdot \phi_{\text{users}} \cdot \phi_{\text{pairs}} \cdot \phi_{\text{change}} \cdot \phi_{\text{gradient}}$$

Where φ-factors are saturation functions approaching 1 as evidence accumulates:

  • φusers = 1 - e-N/10 (user saturation)
  • φpairs = 1 - e-n/nsig (pair saturation)
  • φchange = 1 - e-Δspread/Δsig (effect spread saturation)
  • w = weighted average of plausibility votes

Temporality Assessment

We assess evidence for correct causal direction using the temporality factor:

$$\phi_{\text{temporal}} = \frac{|r_{\text{forward}}|}{|r_{\text{forward}}| + |r_{\text{reverse}}|}$$

Values approaching 1 indicate the predictor precedes the outcome (supporting causation); values near 0.5 suggest ambiguous directionality; values near 0 suggest reverse causation or confounding by indication.

Limitations

As with any observational study, correlation does not prove causation. Key limitations include:

  • Unmeasured confounders: Variables not tracked may influence results
  • Self-selection bias: Health trackers may differ from the general population
  • Measurement error: Self-reported data may contain recall bias
  • Confounding by indication: Sicker individuals may use more treatments

However, within-subject comparison and temporal precedence analysis partially mitigate these limitations. If the relationship is merely coincidental, as participants independently modify their Keystrokes values, the observed strength will decline over time. Spurious correlations naturally dissipate as more data is collected.

Future Directions

Future research should examine:

  • Subgroup analyses to identify individual differences in response
  • Potential confounders and mediators of the observed relationship
  • Optimal dosing and timing for Keystrokes
  • Confirmation through prospective or randomized designs
  • Biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects

Conclusion

📊 Preliminary Findings: With 2 participants, these results are based on limited data. Effect sizes and confidence will improve as more participants contribute data. Consider these findings directional rather than definitive.

Above-average Keystrokes was associated with a 4.5% reduction in Jitteriness—a minimal effect. The Predictor Impact Score of 0.24 indicates this relationship is warranting continued monitoring.

Bottom Line: Based on a PIS of 0.24 and a 4.5% effect size, this relationship shows weak evidence. Additional observational data is recommended before investing in experimental validation. Note: These conclusions may strengthen or change direction as more data is collected.

These findings contribute to our understanding of how Keystrokes may influence Jitteriness in real-world conditions. While preliminary, these results may inform future research directions. As more participants contribute data, the reliability and precision of these findings will improve substantially.

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Methods

Study Design

This study is based on data donated by 2 participants. Thus, the study design is equivalent to the aggregation of 2 separate n=1 observational natural experiments.

This within-subject design is powerful because it controls for all stable individual characteristics (genetics, baseline health status, socioeconomic factors) that might otherwise confound the relationship between variables.

Data Analysis

Temporal Assumptions

The analysis incorporates temporal assumptions about the relationship between variables:

  • Onset Delay: It was assumed that 0 seconds would pass before a change in Keystrokes would produce an observable change in Jitteriness.
  • Duration of Action: It was assumed that Keystrokes could produce an observable change in Jitteriness for as much as 7 days after the stimulus event.

Statistical Methods

For each participant, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between Keystrokes values and subsequent Jitteriness values. Individual correlations were then aggregated using Fisher's z-transformation to produce a population-level estimate:

Individual Correlation:

$$r_i = \frac{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)}{\sqrt{\sum(x_{ij} - \bar{x}_i)^2 \sum(y_{ij} - \bar{y}_i)^2}}$$

Fisher's Z-Transformation:

$$z_i = \frac{1}{2} \ln\left(\frac{1 + r_i}{1 - r_i}\right)$$

Aggregated Correlation:

$$\bar{r} = \tanh(\bar{z}) \quad \text{where} \quad \bar{z} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} z_i$$

Effect Size Calculation

Effect sizes are reported as percent change from baseline. For each participant, we compare the outcome following above-average predictor values to the overall baseline outcome:

$$\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}} = \frac{\bar{O}_{\text{follow-up}} - \bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}}{\bar{O}_{\text{baseline}}} \times 100$$

Effect Magnitude (Z-Score)

To assess effect magnitude relative to natural variability, we calculate the z-score:

$$z = \frac{|\Delta\%_{\text{baseline}}|}{\text{RSD}_{\text{baseline}}}$$

where RSDbaseline is the relative standard deviation of outcome during baseline period

A z-score > 2 indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05), meaning the observed change exceeds typical baseline fluctuation and is unlikely due to random variation.

Statistical Significance

Correlation significance is assessed using a two-tailed t-test:

$$t = \frac{r\sqrt{n-2}}{\sqrt{1-r^2}}$$

We reject the null hypothesis (ρ = 0) at α = 0.05 when |t| exceeds the critical value, providing statistical evidence that the observed relationship is not due to chance.

Data Sources

Keystrokes data was primarily collected using General Spreadsheet. Import from a spreadsheet containing a Variable Name, Value, Measurement Event Time, and Abbreviated Unit Name field. Here is an <a href="http://bit.ly/2jz7CNl" target="_blank">example spreadsheet</a> with allowed column names, units and time format.

Jitteriness data was primarily collected using QuantiModo. QuantiModo allows you to easily track mood, symptoms, or any outcome you want to optimize in a fraction of a second. You can also import your data from over 30 other apps and devices. QuantiModo then analyzes your data to identify which hidden factors are most likely to be influencing your mood or symptoms.

Data Quality

Data quality measures were applied to ensure reliable results:

  • Minimum Data Requirement: Only participants with sufficient paired observations were included in the analysis.
  • Outlier Handling: Extreme values were winsorized to reduce the influence of measurement errors.
  • Missing Data: Days with missing values were handled using appropriate filling strategies based on the variable type.
  • Test User Exclusion: Test accounts and invalid users were excluded from all analyses.

Principal Investigator

Program & Methods

Mike P. Sinn
Sinn, M. P.

Designed and implemented data collection, aggregation, causal inference pipeline, and automated study generation framework. Developed the Predictor Impact Score methodology operationalizing Bradford Hill criteria for ranking causal relationships in observational data. When he tells people this at parties, they usually say they have to go check on their car.

Individual study outputs are automated, reproducible, and open to external audit. (Which I would seriously recommend.)

Contact

Cite This Study

APA Format
Sinn, M. P. (2026). Causal Analysis: Does Keystrokes Affect Jitteriness?. The Journal of Citizen Science. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1868-effect-1361-population-study
BibTeX 
@misc{sinn_cause_1868_effect_1361_population_study_2026,
  author = {Sinn, Mike P.},
  title = {Causal Analysis: Does Keystrokes Affect Jitteriness?},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {The Journal of Citizen Science},
  url = {https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1868-effect-1361-population-study},
  note = {Accessed: January 10, 2026}
}
Chicago/Turabian
Sinn, Mike P. "Causal Analysis: Does Keystrokes Affect Jitteriness?." The Journal of Citizen Science. Accessed January 10, 2026. https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1868-effect-1361-population-study.
Harvard
Sinn, M.P., 2026. Causal Analysis: Does Keystrokes Affect Jitteriness?. [Aggregated N-of-1 Study] The Journal of Citizen Science. Available at: https://studies.crowdsourcingcures.org/study/cause-1868-effect-1361-population-study [Accessed January 10, 2026].

Study Type: Aggregated N-of-1 Observational Mega-Study
Evidence Level: Level II (Real-World Evidence)
Methodology: Bradford Hill Criteria with Predictor Impact Score (PIS)

References

This framework was originally developed in 2013 based on the Bradford Hill criteria. Subsequent literature has independently validated similar approaches to causal inference from observational data:

  1. Hill, A.B. (1965). The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58(5), 295-300. [Bradford Hill criteria]
  2. Lillie, E.O., et al. (2011). The n-of-1 clinical trial: the ultimate strategy for individualizing medicine? Personalized Medicine, 8(2), 161-173. [N-of-1 methodology]
  3. Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference . Cambridge University Press. [Causal inference]
  4. Hernán, M.A., & Robins, J.M. (2020). Causal Inference: What If . Chapman & Hall/CRC. [Free textbook]
  5. FDA (2018). Framework for FDA's Real-World Evidence Program . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Regulatory context]
  6. Duan, N., et al. (2013). Single-patient (n-of-1) trials: a pragmatic clinical decision methodology . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(8), S21-S28.
  7. Platt, R., et al. (2018). The FDA Sentinel Initiative—an evolving national resource . New England Journal of Medicine, 379(22), 2091-2093.

This information is for research and educational purposes only, not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before making health decisions. Terms of Service

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